Same Error on Three Different Local Sites After Windows Upda

A fellow developer and I are getting an error on startup on a few local sites after running windows update last week:

"An item with the same key has already been added." YSOD text is here: gist.github.com/.../a0ed8cf5a8d3a772e1f762ecfb72b3df

SF Error log entry is here: https://gist.github.com/azavarben/8c3c9ebcf5c08618db8a88b5621343be

This is happening on two local sites that used to work fine as of a week ago, I just hadn't done any dev work on them. Versions are 7.1.5200.0, 8.1.5810.0, 8.1.5820.0, happens in IIS and IIS Express.

Is anyone else running in to this?